Sub
Tracks: tumor-microenvironment
Cancer Cells | Immune Cells | Fibroblasts |
Extracellular Matrix | Blood Vessels | Signaling Molecules | Hypoxia
What is tumor microenvironment?
The tumor microenvironment (TME) refers
to the complex and dynamic ecosystem surrounding a tumor, composed of various
non-cancerous cells, molecules, and extracellular components that interact with
cancer cells. These elements work together to influence tumor growth,
progression, metastasis, and response to therapy.
· Cellular
Components:
- Immune cells: Such as
macrophages, T cells, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells, which may
either fight the tumor or support its growth depending on their state.
- Fibroblasts:
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) can produce factors that promote
tumor proliferation and invasion.
- Endothelial cells: These
contribute to the formation of blood vessels (angiogenesis) that supply
the tumor with oxygen and nutrients.
- Adipocytes: Can
provide energy and signaling molecules that aid tumor progression.
- Mesenchymal stem cells: Often
recruited to the tumor site and may support metastasis and immune evasion.
· Non-cellular
Components:
- Extracellular matrix (ECM): Provides
structural support and mediates signaling.
- Cytokines and growth factors:
Influence tumor cell behavior and communication with surrounding cells.
- Exosomes and microvesicles:
Facilitate cell-to-cell communication by transferring proteins, lipids,
and RNA.
· Physical
and Chemical Factors:
- Hypoxia: Low
oxygen levels in the TME can drive angiogenesis and resistance to therapy.
- Acidosis:
Resulting from altered metabolism in cancer cells, it can promote invasion
and immune suppression.
- Nutrient availability: Affects
the metabolism and survival of both tumor and stromal cells.
